The cause of the war is the pretension on the part of the Chinese that in all their intercourse with other nations, political or commercial, their superiority must be implicitly acknowledged, and manifested in humiliating forms.
Quincy identifies the root cause of the war as China's insistence on superiority in international relations.
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He knew how little a majority of the men of his own time were disposed or qualified to estimate his character with justice.
Union!' be this the watchword of your camp; and if Ate, hot from hell, will come and cry 'Havoc!' fight--fight and conquer, under the banner of universal freedom.
They have transmitted that freedom to you; and upon you now devolves the duty of transmitting it unimpaired to your posterity.
May the Ruler of the universe preserve you from such degradation! 'Freedom!
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