The war of 1914 has definitely established the employment of aircraft for hostile purposes, and, as evidenced by the reception given by belligerents to neutral protests, the sovereignty of a state over its superincumbent air-spaces.
Editor's note · Context
Holland discusses the implications of aircraft use in warfare and state sovereignty over airspace.
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I am of opinion that in war, where everything must be individual, the only articles which will prove efficacious are those which are addressed specifically to commanders.
But I go further, and think the softening of manners can alone bring about this result, which cannot be attained by a codification of the law of war.
The justification of a resort either to reprisals or to war, in any given case, depends, of course, upon the nature of the acts complained of, and upon the validity of the excuses put forward either for the acts themselves, or for failure…
The progress of civilisation should have the effect of alleviating as much as possible the calamities of war.





